Modelling direct biotic interactions: with a focus on filamentous Fungi You can download the PhD thesis I wrote at Swansea University here [PDF 13.9 MB]. Summary of the four features/levels of direct biotic interactions. In each level’s panel, the illustration of the hypothetical system on the left is accompanied on the right by the indexed examples of the illustration, and the logical operator associating these examples. Dotted boxes and arrows indicate zooming in to the level below. The four features/levels are: (a) different interaction types can appear in a system; (b) in a single interaction type, there can be alternative interaction modes leading to the successful interaction outcome; (c) for a success via an interaction mode, there can be multiple tasks which the exploiter must accomplish against the victim; and (d) for a task success in an interaction mode, the performance in a trait of the exploiter must be higher than the performance in a trait of the victim.